Drinking water, our most valuable possession. copyright by Henry Janok

 

 

                       ........................................................................................................

                      My Name is Heinz and I am a member of the 

                Master service since 1977. Serving Calgary since 1995.

       Your master plumber, service and maintenance,  Back flow devices, back flow prevention testing, service and maintenance.

                                                                                       protecting your health and life
 

                                                                                                       

                                     YOU KNOW

           "no softened water for drinking and cooking purposes"

                                                         softening can...,

but can also result in pipeline corrosion, in hot-water tank corrosion, humidifiers corrosion, boiler corrosion, pumps corrosion, taps and faucets corrosion etc.... lungs....etc....?

if the sodium, or salt content becomes too high.

 

 

                                                                                        

                                                                  

 Legionella

        The diagnosis of legionellosis requires special tests not routinely performed on persons with fever or pneumonia. Therefore, a physician must consider the possibility of legionellosis in order to obtain the right tests.

 

Legionellosis is an infection caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila. The disease has two distinct forms:

  • Legionnaires' disease, the more severe form of infection which includes pneumonia, and
  • Pontiac fever, a milder illness.

Legionnaires' disease acquired its name in 1976 when an outbreak of pneumonia occurred among persons attending a convention of the American Legion in Philadelphia. Later, the bacterium causing the illness was named Legionella.


How common is legionellosis in the United States?

An estimated 8,000 to 18,000 people get Legionnaires' disease in the United States each year. Some people can be infected with the Legionella bacterium and have mild symptoms or no illness at all.

Outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease receive significant media attention. However, this disease usually occurs as a single, isolated case not associated with any recognized outbreak. When outbreaks do occur, they are are usually recognized in the summer and early fall, but cases may occur year-round. About 5% to 30% of people who have Legionnaires' disease die.

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What are the usual symptoms of legionellosis?

Patients with Legionnaires' disease usually have fever, chills, and a cough, which may be dry or may produce sputum. Some patients also have muscle aches, headache, tiredness, loss of appetite, and, occasionally, diarrhea. Laboratory tests may show that these patients' kidneys are not functioning properly. Chest X-rays often show pneumonia. It is difficult to distinguish Legionnaires' disease from other types of pneumonia by symptoms alone; other tests are required for diagnosis.

Persons with Pontiac fever experience fever and muscle aches and do not have pneumonia. They generally recover in 2 to 5 days without treatment.

The time between the patient's exposure to the bacterium and the onset of illness for Legionnaires' disease is 2 to 10 days; for Pontiac fever, it is shorter, generally a few hours to 2 days.

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How is legionellosis diagnosed?

The diagnosis of legionellosis requires special tests not routinely performed on persons with fever or pneumonia. Therefore, a physician must consider the possibility of legionellosis in order to obtain the right tests.

Several types of tests are available. The most useful tests detect the bacteria in sputum, find Legionella antigens in urine samples, or compare antibody levels to Legionella in two blood samples obtained 3 to 6 weeks apart.

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Who gets legionellosis?

People of any age may get Legionnaires' diasease, but the illness most often affects middle-aged and older persons, particularly those who smoke cigarettes or have chronic lung disease. Also at increased risk are persons whose immune system is suppressed by diseases such as cancer, kidney failure requiring dialysis, diabetes, or AIDS. Those that take drugs that suppress the immune system are also at higher risk.

Pontiac fever most commonly occurs in persons who are otherwise healthy.

What is the treatment for legionellosis?

Erythromycin is the antibiotic currently recommended for treating persons with Legionnaires' disease. In severe cases, a second drug, rifampin, may be used in addition. Other drugs are available for patients unable to tolerate erythromycin.

Pontiac fever requires no specific treatment.

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How is legionellosis spread?

Outbreaks of legionellosis have occurred after persons have breathed mists that come from a water source (e.g., air conditioning cooling towers, whirlpool spas, showers) contaminated with Legionella bacteria. Persons may be exposed to these mists in homes, workplaces, hospitals, or public places. Legionellosis is not passed from person to person, and there is no evidence of persons becoming infected from auto air conditioners or household window air-conditioning units.

Where is the Legionella bacterium found?

Legionella organisms can be found in many types of water systems. However, the bacteria reproduce to high numbers in warm, stagnant water (25°C-55° C), such as that found in certain plumbing systems and hot water tanks, cooling towers and evaporative condensers of large air-conditioning systems, and whirlpool spas. Cases of legionellosis have been identified throughout the United States and in several foreign countries. It is believed to occur worldwide.

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What is being done to prevent legionellosis?

Improved design and maintenance of cooling towers and plumbing systems to limit the growth and spread of Legionella organisms are the foundations of legionellosis prevention.

During outbreaks, CDC and health department investigators seek to identify the source of disease transmission and recommend appropriate prevention and control measures, such as decontamination of the water source. Current research will likely identify additional prevention strategies.

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February 17, 2004

 

 

               

 

                      

                                                      

                                                                                 

                             

                                                                                                                         

             

            

   

                      ROBERT KOCH INSTITUT

 

  

                                

                                                                                        

 

  

 

                                                              

 

  

                              

 

Legionellen
sind Bakterien, und zwar Bodenkeime, die auch im Wasser vorkommen können, und sich darin bei Temperaturen zwischen 30°C und 50°C gut vermehren (z. B. in Warmwassersystemen, Klimaanlagen). Die Übertragung auf den Menschen erfolgt über die Luft, so daß sie beim Atmen in die Lungen gelangen.

May 4, 2003

 

   

                                                                                 

 

                   

 

                           Master service since 1977. Serving Calgary since 1995.

                               

                                     It is time...

                                                              

                             "no softened water for drinking and cooking purposes"

        http://www.zeit.de/2003/49/N-Wasser

http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/jun2000/ecol-j01_prn.shtml

http://www.waterandhealth.com/drinkingwater/wp.html

 

       The diagnosis of legionellosis requires special tests not routinely performed on persons with fever or pneumonia. Therefore, a physician must consider the possibility of legionellosis in order to obtain the right tests.

 

Clinical Features Legionnaires' disease, (LD), is the more severe form of legionellosis and is characterized by pneumonia, commencing 2-10 days after exposure. Pontiac fever is an acute-onset, flu-like, non-pneumonic illness, occuring within a few hours to two days of exposure.
Etiologic Agent Legionella pneumophila and other Legionella species. At least 46 species and 70 serogroups have been identified. L.pneumophila, an ubiquitous aquatic organism that thrives in warm environments (30°C- 55°C) causes over 90% of LD in the United States.
Incidence An estimated 8,000-18,000 cases occur each year in the United States, but only a fraction of these are reported. Most LD cases are sporadic; 23% are nosocomial and 10%-20% can be linked to outbreaks. Pontiac fever has been recognized only during outbreaks.
Sequelae Death occurs in 10%-15% of LD cases: a substantially higher proportion of fatal cases occur during nosocomial outbreaks. Pontiac fever is a self-limited disease that requires no treatment.
Transmission Inhalation of contaminated aerosols from devices such as cooling towers, showers, and faucets, and aspiration of contaminated water. Person-to-person transmission does not occur.
Risk Groups The elderly, cigarette smokers, persons with chronic lung or immunocompromising disease, and persons receiving immunosuppressive drugs.
Surveillance LD is a reportable condition in most states; because of under-diagnosis and underreporting, however, only 2%-10% of estimated cases are reported.
Trends Increasing awareness among physicians and use of more sensitive, noninvasive tests such as urine antigen testing has led to improved recognition of sporadic cases and outbreaks caused by L. pneumophila, serogroup 1. Decreased use of culturing may be hampering recognition of infections caused by Legionella species and serogroups.
Challenges Diagnosis of legionellosis requires specialized testing. Optimal methods for prevention of legionellosis are not known, and source of most sporadic cases is unknown. Rapid detection of travel-related legionellosis is needed to identify potentially preventable disease transmission.
Opportunities Tests with improved sensitivity have been developed but more are needed. Improved understanding of ecology of Legionella can increase the effectiveness of prevention and control measures.
 

December 2003


 
 

 

 

         

       The diagnosis of legionellosis requires special tests not routinely performed on persons with fever or pneumonia. Therefore, a physician must consider the possibility of legionellosis in order to obtain the right tests.

Children coming down with serious flu-related infections
 
Michelle Schurman
Global TV

Wednesday, December 10, 2003
 
 
 

Another new twist to this year's already bad flu season.

Canadian health officials are keeping a close eye on children with the flu, who come down with a serious bacterial infection.

In the U.S. the infection has proven deadly.

Many children have ended up in intensive care battling the drug resistant staphylococcus infection, which causes pneumonia.

Officials with the centers for disease control want to find out why the A Fujian strain is striking children so hard.

"That is something we are evaluating very carefully - to see if anything on this strain is causing more severe symptoms in children. We don't know yet. It is common for kids to develop severe flu and that can lead to death.. But it will take time to figure out," says dr. Julie Gerberding of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control

 

The only good news in all of this is that fewer older peole have died from influenza this year.

© Global TV 2003

 

http://www.fpinfomart.ca/ar/ar_result.php?set=1&cnd=y&delta=10&page=2.

Guten Morgen!

Willkommen auf meiner Website.

Ausarbeitung von Jochen Alfery

über das Problem von Legionellen im Trinkwasser

Über diese Seite:

Auf dieser Seite will ich, Jochen Alfery, der Problematik von und mit Legionellen in der Trinkwasserinstallation auf den Grund gehen und Hilfe geben zur Vermeidung bzw. Sanierung von betroffen Anlagen.

1. Allgemeines und Geschichte

Was sind Legionellen ?

Namengebung

1976 trafen sich Mitglieder der US-American-Legion in einem Großhotel in Philadelphia. Von den über 4000 Teilnehmern erkrankten ca. 220 Personen , von denen 34 an einer Lungenentzündung rätselhafter Ursache verstarben. Es wurde einige Zeit benötigt um die Ursache zu ermitteln. Es handelte sich um ein Bakterium , welches den Namen "Legionella pneumophila" erhielt.
Dieses bildete eine neue Gattung (Legionella) und eine neue Familie (Legionellaceae) in der bakteriologischen Systematik.. Weil die Epidemie von 1976 im Zusammenhang mit der US-American-Legion stand , erhielt die Krankheit den Namen "Legionärskrankheit ". Dies hat in Europa dazu geführt , daß der Erkrankung durch diesen Namen bis heute ein exotischer Touch anhaftet und das auftreten der Erkrankung für unsere Breiten damit noch oft verdrängt wird. Heute weiß man , daß es neben der Legionärskrankheit, besser als Legionella - Pneumonie bezeichnet, eine signifikant unterschiedene andere Verlaufsform gibt , das Pontiac - Fieber Die Legionella-Pneumonie ist eine schwere Krankheit mit z. T. erheblicher Beteiligung anderer Organsysteme. Dagegen verläuft das Ponitac - Fieber (benannt nach dem Ort der ersten Epidemie) milder , fiebrig , grippeähnlich , ohne daß Todesfälle bekannt wurden. (Legionella - Pneumonie (Legionärskrankheit), schwere Pneumonie m. Beteiligung anderer Organsysteme Inkubationszeit 2 - 13 Tage, Therapie erforderlich , relativ hohe Letalität, epidem) (Pontiac - Fieber, Inkubationszeit bis 48 Stunden, meist ohne Lungenbeteiligung , spontane Heilung binnen weniger Tage , Todesfälle nicht bekannt )
(WaBoLu / BGA)

Bakterien:

ca. 35 verschiede Arten (+ 50 Serogruppen.)
davon mindestens 17 "humanpathogen"
etwa 80 % aller Infektionen verursacht durch Legionella pneumophila ( ca. 50 % der Serogruppe 1 dieser Art)

Legionellen sind stäbchenförmige Bakterien ohne besondere morphologische Charakteristika. Sie bilden in der Kultur auf Spezialnährboden weiße, relativ unspezifische Kolonien, die nach minimal drei Tagen Bebrütungsdauer auftreten. In der Immunfluoreszenz erkennt man sehr gut die erwähnte Stäbchenform der Erreger. Seit der Erstbeschreibung von L.pneumophila gibt es noch mindestens 28 weitere Arten z.T. mit mehreren Serogruppen. L.pneumophila ist nach wie vor die epidemiologisch wichtigste Art. Wichtig ist weiterhin , daß alle Legionellen als humanpathogen anzusehen sind, obwohl der Beweis dafür bei mehreren Arten noch aussteht. Man geht heute auf Grund weltweiter Untersuchungen davon aus, daß Legionellen ein ganz natürlicher Bestandteil aller Süßwasser, nicht aber der Meerwässer sind. Legionellen sind dabei im Grundwasser extrem selten. Auch im kalten Trinkwasser , wenn es denn ständig kalt bleibt, sind sie sehr selten. Ähnliches gilt für unserere Breiten bei den Oberflächenwässern. Schwimmbeckenwässer, besonders Warmsprudelbeckenwässer und bestimmte Wässer aus raumlufttechnischen Anlagen (Wässer aus offenen Rückkühlwerken und Luftbefeuchtern) können dagegen in wesentlich höheren Konzentrationen Legionellen enthalten. Übertragbar sind Infektionen , z. B. durch Duschen und Warmsprudelbecken (whirl-pools). Bei den üblichen Schwimmbecken kommen zwar Legionellen im Wasser gelegentlich vor, aber - worauf noch eingegangen wird - das Vehikel Aerosol, ist dort minder stark ausgeprägt. Die hydrotherapeutischen Einrichtungen mit Aerosolbildung sollte man dagegen nicht vergessen. Desgleichen nicht den Bereich der Dentaleinheiten, wo ein intensives Aerosol unmittelbar im Rachenraum entstehen kann.

      Das Bild zeigt eine lichtmikroskopische Abbildung einer gerade platzenden Amöbe (Acanthamöba sp.) die eine riesige Zahl schnell beweglicher Legionellen freisetzt.

Die Krankheit(en):

Jeder Mensch kann erkranken ! Erhöhtes Risiko für Patienten mit Störungen des Abwehrmechanismus & für Raucher (Beeinträchtigung der Lungenmakrophagen ).
Männer haben gegenüber Frauen 3fach erhöhtes Risiko ! Risiko mit Alter zunehmend! Voraussetzung: Lungengängige Aerosole (<5 µm) z.B. beim Duschen
Zwei Verlaufsformen:

  1. Pontiac-Fieber -> "gutartig" klingt nach wenigen Tagen wieder ab grippeähnlich/ fiebrige Erkältung mit Schüttelfrost, Kopf- und Muskelschmerz Inkubationszeit ca. 3 Tage, Infektionsität 95%
  2. Legionärskrankheit -> "akute, schwere bakterielle Lungenentzündung" beginnt mit hohem Fieber/ Schüttelfrost. Weitere Symptome: Übelkeit, Durchfall, trockener, unproduktiver Husten, relative Herzschlag- Verlangsamung, muskelschmerz, Verwirrtheitszustände, Lethargie und Störung der Bewegungs- Koordination (torkeln) Inkubationszeit ca. 2- 10 Tage, Infektiosität 5 %; Todesfälle ca. 15- 20 %

Legionelleninfektionen sind schwer zu diagnostizieren ( nur in Frühphase vor Antibiotika !) Größenordnung: sichtbare und unbemerkte Legionellosen: ca. 1% der Bevölkerung pro Jahr (800.000 Personen in der BRD!; 80 000 grippeähnlich leichte Infektionen/ 9000 schwere Lungenentzündungen / 1200- 1500 Tote!)

Vorkommen:

Von Natur aus in wäßrigen "Süßwasser" Milieu (Flüsse, Seen, feuchte Erde; auch im Grundwasser! aber nur in sehr niedriger Konzentrationen -> nicht gesundheitsschädlich !?!
Hohe Konzentrationen in technischen Anlagen! z. B. in Warmwasserbereitern oder Raumlufttechnischen Anlagen

Vermehrung:

Keine Vermehrung; kein Absterben bei 1) Kaltwasser 2) Wassertemperatur ca. 50 °C
Vermehrung im Temperaturbereich 30°C bis 45°C
optimal 35°C bis 42°C (Duschen!) dann Verdopplungszeiten von ca. 2,8 h- 3,9 h.
Beispiel: Als kontaminiert mit Sanierungsgebot gilt 1 KBE/ml (Koloniebildende Einheit) Dies gilt noch als geringes Infektionsrisiko. Ab 100 KBE/ml ist ein Infektionsrisiko anzunehmen.
Die Wachstumsrate bei 2,8 h beträgt 24,76 %
Nach 24 h ergeben sich 381 KBE/ml nach 3 Tagen 55,24 Millionen KBE/ml.
-> Vermehrung wird begünstigt durch:

  1. Nahrungsangebot in Biofilmen z.B. an Leitungs"innen"oberflächen, Sedimentbildung
  2. Gehalt an organischen Substanzen
  3. Amöben
  4. mineralische Inhaltsstoffe ( Ablagerungen -> Schlupfwinkel bei Desinfektion)

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